The objective
of any firm is to market and sell its products or services profitably.
In small firms, the owner or chief executive officer might assume all
advertising, promotions, marketing, sales, and public relations responsibilities.
In large firms, which may offer numerous products and services nationally
or even worldwide, an executive vice president directs overall advertising,
promotions, marketing, sales, and public relations policies. Advertising,
marketing, promotions, public relations, and sales managers coordinate
the market research, marketing strategy, sales, advertising, promotion,
pricing, product development, and public relations activities.
Advertising
managers oversee advertising and promotion staffs, which usually are
small, except in the largest firms. In a small firm, managers may serve
as liaisons between the firm and the advertising or promotion agency
to which many advertising or promotional functions are contracted out.
In larger firms, advertising managers oversee in-house account, creative,
and media services departments. The account executive manages the account
services department, assesses the need for advertising, and, in advertising
agencies, maintains the accounts of clients. The creative services department
develops the subject matter and presentation of advertising. The creative
director oversees the copy chief, art director, and associated staff.
The media director oversees planning groups that select the communication
mediafor example, radio, television, newspapers, magazines, the
Internet, or outdoor signsto disseminate the advertising.
Promotions
managers supervise staffs of promotion specialists. These managers direct
promotion programs that combine advertising with purchase incentives
to increase sales. In an effort to establish closer contact with purchasersdealers,
distributors, or consumerspromotion programs may use direct mail,
telemarketing, television or radio advertising, catalogs, exhibits,
inserts in newspapers, Internet advertisements or Web sites, in-store
displays or product endorsements, and special events. Purchasing incentives
may include discounts, samples, gifts, rebates, coupons, sweepstakes,
and contests.
Marketing
managers develop the firms marketing strategy in detail. With
the help of subordinates, including product development managers and
market research managers, they estimate the demand for products and
services offered by the firm and its competitors. In addition, they
identify potential marketsfor example, business firms, wholesalers,
retailers, government, or the general public. Marketing managers develop
pricing strategy to help firms maximize profits and market share while
ensuring that the firms customers are satisfied. In collaboration
with sales, product development, and other managers, they monitor trends
that indicate the need for new products and services, and they oversee
product development. Marketing managers work with advertising and promotion
managers to promote the firms products and services and to attract
potential users.
Public
relations managers supervise public relations specialists. These managers
direct publicity programs to a targeted audience. They often specialize
in a specific area, such as crisis management, or in a specific industry,
such as health care. They use every available communication medium to
maintain the support of the specific group upon whom their organizations
success depends, such as consumers, stockholders, or the general public.
For example, public relations managers may clarify or justify the firms
point of view on health or environmental issues to community or special-interest
groups.
Public
relations managers also evaluate advertising and promotion programs
for compatibility with public relations efforts and serve as the eyes
and ears of top management. They observe social, economic, and political
trends that might ultimately affect the firm, and they make recommendations
to enhance the firms image on the basis of those trends.
Public
relations managers may confer with labor relations managers to produce
internal company communicationssuch as newsletters about employee-management
relationsand with financial managers to produce company reports.
They assist company executives in drafting speeches, arranging interviews,
and maintaining other forms of public contact; oversee company archives;
and respond to requests for information. In addition, some of these
managers handle special events, such as the sponsorship of races, parties
introducing new products, or other activities that the firm supports
in order to gain public attention through the press without advertising
directly.
Sales managers
direct the firms sales program. They assign sales territories,
set goals, and establish training programs for the sales representatives.
Sales managers advise the sales representatives on ways to improve their
sales performance. In large, multiproduct firms, they oversee regional
and local sales managers and their staffs. Sales managers maintain contact
with dealers and distributors. They analyze sales statistics gathered
by their staffs to determine sales potential and inventory requirements
and to monitor customers preferences. Such information is vital
in the development of products and the maximization of profits.